Abstract. Education is one of the main determinants of human mental development and is formed by the interaction of neuroplasticity, cognitive abilities and socio-economic factors. In this article, the impact of education on brain structures (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus) and cognitive processes (memory, logical thinking, problem solving) is analyzed based on modern neuroscience research. As a result of a systematic review of 50 scientific articles published in Scopus, PubMed and Uzbekistan Pedagogical journals in 2015-2024, it was found that the impact of preschool and primary education on mental development is 35-40%. The synergy between the environment (relationship with teachers, interactive methods) and genetic factors (variations of the DRD4 gene) is crucial in increasing the cognitive effectiveness of education. In the context of Uzbekistan, it was noted that multilingualism (parallel learning of Uzbek, Russian, English) increases the plasticity of the brain by 20%, and social inequalities slow down mental development by 25%. In the article, suggestions for making the educational system more cognitively effective (individual approach, neuroeducational technologies) are scientifically based.